Bibliography
Primary Sources
BAD Times: The Black Americans for
Democracy Newspaper[Fayetteville]. BAD Times: The
Black Americans for Democracy Newspaper. University of Arkansas Libraries.
Web. 6 Apr. 2012.
< http://scipio.uark.edu/cdm4/index_BADTimes.php?CISOROOT=/BADTimes>. This
gave us an image to represent Black Americans for Democracy, the black group on
campus trying to stop Dixie who headed many protests and were behind many
petitions. We used this picture on our people involved page.
"Black Emphasis Week Planned to Create Unity Between
Races." Arkansas Traveler [Fayetteville] 21 Apr. 1969, Vol. 63 ed., No.
117 sec. Print. This outlined a plan for a week of activities for the minority
groups and the white student population to interact. It also gave us a look at
the events going on at the university.
"Civil Rights Act (1964)." OurDocuments.gov. Web.
12 May 2012. <http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?doc=97>. This helped
provide a visual for the Civil Rights angle on our Civil and Human rights page
and provided a transcript for the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
"Continued Singing of Dixie Constitutes Intentional
Insult." Arkansas Traveler [Fayetteville] Dec. 1969, Vol. 64 ed. Print.
The article outlines issues within the campus and explained why Dixie was found
offensive to many of the black students. It also tells us that some of the white
students, such as Tyler Thompson, felt the same way.
Cowell, John R. "Memorandum." Letter to Dr. David W.
Mullins. 17 Sept. 1970. MS. The Janzen Residence, Fayetteville, Arkansas. This
is a letter of support toward Mr. Janzen's decision to not play Dixie from the
music faculty to the president of the university. In his interview Mr. Janzen
expressed great appreciation for the support from the music faculty.
"Criticism Unmerited." Northwest Arkansas Times
[Fayetteville] 3 Oct. 1970: 4. Print. This editorial supported Janzen's decision
to not play Dixie. In his interview and in his notes to the Lion's Club, Janzen
said it was the support he needed because he did not feel supported by the
university administration.
"'Dixie' Group Plans Action: Committee Presents
Petition." Arkansas Traveler [Fayetteville] 19 Dec. 1968, Vol. 63 ed.,
No. 65 sec. Print. This article was about the response by students to the
actions taken by the Southern Student Organizing Committee(SSOC) which was the
group that wanted to ban Dixie. The students wanted Dixie to be continued. This
gives us our first look at how many students wanted Dixie to be played at the
university.
"'Dixie' Issue." Arkansas Traveler [Fayetteville]
6 Nov. 1968, Vol. 63 ed., No. 59 sec. Print. This was a letter to the editor of
the Arkansas Traveler detailing a student's perspective on the issue.
"Dixie." Letter to Eldon Janzen. 15 Oct. 1970. MS. The
Janzen Residence, Fayetteville, Arkansas. This provides a negative perspective
in a letter format. It compares the Star Spangled Banner and Yankee Doodle to
Dixie and asks Janzen why he would not play it. It also gave us a look at
another University and how they were using Dixie.
"Dixie." Letter to Eldon Janzen. 23 Sept. 1970. MS. The
Janzen Residence, Fayetteville, Arkansas. This provides a negative perspective
in the form of a letter. It also tells us how fans think that this issue should
be handled. The author thought that the fans should have a say in whether or not
Dixie should be played.
"'Dixie' Query: To Play or Not to Play." Arkansas
Traveler [Fayetteville] 11 Dec. 1968, Vol. 63 ed., No. 38 sec. Print. This
article gave us details on both sides of the Dixie equation, for and against.
Not many people seemed neutral at the time.
Donner, Don, and Richard Zinke. "Heroes Are Hard to Find
LLC." Interview by Mike Looney. Heroes Are Hard to Find LLC. Dallas,
Texas. Television. Transcript. This transcript provided us with a recent
interview with Don Donner and Dr. Richard Zinke. Mr. Donner was a Vietnam
veteran and a peace activist at the U of A. He made the giant peace sign on the
hill by the stadium during the Big Shootout. Dr. Zinke was a faculty advisor and
was against the Vietnam War. Their interview gave us information about the
freedom of speech on campus and that Dr. Mullins encouraged it. They were
interviewed for the documentary that was being made on the Big Shootout by Mike
Looney. We contacted Mr. Looney, and he sent us the transcript through email and
gave permission to use them.
Durning, Dan. "December 2, 1969: The Night We Drove Ole Dixie
Down -- And Didn’t Even Know It." Eclectic (at Best). Eclectic, 24 May
2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011.
< http://www.eclecticatbest.com/2011/05/december-2-1969-night-we-drove-ole.html>.
This gave us a basic outline of the whole Dixie issue. It summarized many
things about the time in which Dixie was stopped. This told us about most of
the events that took place at the university during the stopping of Dixie,
especially with regards to the Senate vote.
"Equity, Grievances Committee Suggests Compromise for
Dec. 6." Arkansas Traveler [Fayetteville] 4 Dec. 1969, Vol. 64 ed., No.
66 sec. Print. This article talks about the Student Senate sending the decision
to stop playing Dixie to Dr. Worthington. They recommended a compromise with the
band playing Dixie the first half of the game but not the second half. Doc
Worthington based his decision on the Student Senate vote but did not play Dixie
at all during the Big Shootout.
Full Band.
1972. Photograph. Little Rock. Print. This provides a visual for the full band.
This photo was provided by Sanford Tollette.
Hartman, Don. "Minister Praises Black Conduct."
Arkansas Traveler [Fayetteville] 17 Dec. 1969. Print. This shows some
observations from the Campus Minister about the conduct of some of the black
organizations. This compliments how the black students were reacting to the
whole Dixie issue. The main group discussed is Black Americans for Democracy.
Heath, Blan. "A Simple Eulogy." Arkansas Traveler
[Fayetteville] 4 Dec. 1969, Vol. 64 ed., No. 66 sec. Print. This is a letter
against banning Dixie. It lists the 'objective view' of exactly what the action
will cause. This was written two days before the Big Shootout and is a plea to
play Dixie.
Janzen, Eldon A. "Dixie Issue." Personal interview. 22
Nov. 2011. This interview helped us to understand the issue of Dixie from the
viewpoint of the band director. He detailed his time with the issue and told us
valuable insider-knowledge that none of our other interviewees could provide. He
helped us understand the pressure that he was put under for the decisions he had
to make. We admired the courage he had to not continue Dixie. He received many
letters of hate. One of the threats he received was for the life of his son. He
thought that Dixie was a great song but saw the negative impact it had. He
decided not to continue Dixie for the safety of his students. He provided us
with many letters and newspaper clippings that he had saved since 1970. He
created a band scholarship for high school students to attend band camp at the U
of A and named the scholarship for himself and Sanford Tollette.
Janzen, Eldon A. "Lions Club Address on Dixie." Lions
Club Meeting. Clarion Inn, Fayetteville. 23 Jan. 2002. Speech. These notes were
for a speech to the Lion's Club detailing Janzen's role in stopping Dixie. We
took an excerpt from this speech and put it on our Reaction page because it
talked about how the people were reacting at the University. He talks about in
the beginning that he did not know what Dixie was. He originally planned a quick
end to the issue but soon saw it was not possible.
Jordan, Gerald. "It's All How You Look At It: No More
Innocent People-Black or White." Arkansas Traveler [Fayetteville] Dec.
1969, Vol. 64 ed. Print. This tells about the shooting of Darrell Brown and some
of the reactions of the students to the drive-by. It also showed that people at
the university felt very strongly about Dixie being played.
Kelly, Stroud. "BAD Criticizes Student Senate."
Arkansas Traveler [Fayettville]. Print. Black Americans for Democracy
(BAD) wanted to be a campus recognized organization, but the Student Senate was
delaying their decision, and BAD had had enough of it.
Larsen, Gary G., ed. The 1970 Razorback.
Fayetteville: Associated Students University of Arkansas, 1970. Print. This
yearbook from the year Dixie was stopped gave us many pictures of the people
involved. Some of these people were our interviewees. It also gave us a few
pictures of the events that were going on at the campus related to Dixie,
Vietnam and other timely issues.
Majorettes.
1972. Photograph. Little Rock. Print. This gives us a picture of the majorettes
and the drum majors. It also helped us add visuals to the website.
Masters, Col. R. E. Lee. "One View Of Dixie." Print. This
provided us a reaction against the stopping of Dixie. This point of view was
negative.
McBeth, Hiram. "Heroes Are Hard to Find LLC." Interview
by Mike Looney. Heroes Are Hard to Find LLC. Dallas, Texas. Television.
Transcript. This transcript provided us with a recent interview with Hiram
McBeth, who was the only black football player for the U of A at the time. He
provided information about BAD and their plan to make themselves heard at the
Big Shootout. He was interviewed for the documentary that was being made on the
Big Shootout by Mike Looney. We contacted Mr. Looney, and he sent us the
transcript through email and gave permission to use them.
Morgan, Gordon. "Heroes Are Hard to Find LLC." Interview
by Mike Looney. Heroes Are Hard to Find LLC. Dallas, Texas. Television.
Transcript. This transcript provided us with a recent interview with Dr. Gordon
Morgan. He was the first black faculty member at the U of A. His interview gave
us information about the black students on campus and how the location of the U
of A related to the stopping of Dixie. He was interviewed for the documentary
that was being made on the Big Shootout by Mike Looney. We contacted Mr. Looney,
and he sent us the transcript through email and gave permission to use them.
Neal, Joe. "Joe Neal On "Dixie Issue"" Arkansas
Traveler [Fayetteville] 18 Dec. 1968. Print. These are Joe Neal's remarks at
the December 10th Senate meeting concerning Dixie. It seems anti-Dixie. In it,
Joe Neal details what the stopping of Dixie will do for the campus and what not
stopping Dixie will do.
"Negros Protest Fraternities Wearing Blackface In
Public." Arkansas Traveler [Fayettville] 10 May 1968, 62nd ed., sec. 129.
Print. This helps us convey that more racism was going on in more ways than just
the Dixie issue.
"New UA Director Recommends Band Not Resume Playing
'Dixie' at Games." Arkansas Traveler[Fayetteville] 23 Sept. 1970, Vol. 65
ed. Print. This article gave us the first information for our Reform page on our
website. This also gave us a look at why Eldon Janzen decided not to resume
playing Dixie.
"Owens Explains Goals Structure of B.A.D." [Fayetteville,
Arkansas] Sept. 1972: 1-4. Print. This article explained what the Black
Americans for Democracy hoped to accomplish. It also explained how they wished
to accomplish their goals.
"PLAYING OF 'DIXIE' STIRS COURT TEST: Negro Student Seeks
to Bar Enforced Playing of Song." New York Times: 41. ProQuest
Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851-2008). Web. 31 Mar. 2012.
This gave us information on the stopping of Dixie at other universities during
other time periods.
Sanford Tollette, Little Rock. Personal photograph by
author. 1969. It gave a picture of Sanford Tollette around the time period. It
helped us add visuals to the website.
Schultz, Candy. "Cheek Discusses Current Negro Problems."
Arkansas Traveler [Fayetteville] 19 Apr. 1968, 62nd ed., sec. 114. Print.
This article gave us many quotations for our pages, and it gave us a more
in-depth look at the black students' problems even before the huge Dixie issue.
It helped us convey that Dixie wasn't the only problem at the U of A. Racism had
been going on in other kinds of ways.
Shamburg, O. E. "Nationalism and Dixie." Print. This gave
us the point of view, or another argument, against the stopping of Dixie.
Smith, Tony. "The 'Dixie' Decision." Print. This article
supports the stopping of Dixie. It gave us another point of view on the Dixie
issue.
"Song, Symbol, Sacrifice?" Arkansas Traveler
[Fayetteville] 3 Dec. 1969, Vol. 64 ed., No. 49 sec. Print. This gave us an
inside look into both the black perspective and the white perspective on the
issue.
"Student Senate Votes 28-6 To Discontinue Playing Dixie."
Arkansas Traveler [Fayetteville] 3 Dec. 1969, Vol. 64 ed., No. 50 sec.
Print. This told us more about the Student Senate vote to cancel the playing of
Dixie.
Thomas, Nathaniel. "Dixie Interview with Nathaniel
Thomas." Personal interview. 29 Oct. 2011. Our interview with Mr. Thomas helped
us see what it was like for a behind-the-scenes band member. He detailed how the
band as a whole and as individuals reacted. He also discussed that many of the
black band members decided not to play Dixie and instead would put their horns
down or didn't play. Mr. Thomas tried out for drum major but was not selected.
He then helped to train Sanford Tollette for drum major tryouts.
Thompson, T. T. Tyler. Band Photos. 2012.
Powerpoint. Pfeifer Camp, Little Rock. These are pictures of the band from
1874-2004. They give us a visual representation of the band.
Thompson, T. T. Tyler. "Dixie Interview with Dr. T. T.
Tyler Thompson." Personal interview. 6 Nov. 2011. Our interview with Dr. T. T.
Tyler Thompson let us see how the Dixie issue affected whites as it did blacks.
He told us a lot about the time period that Doc Worthington made the decision to
stop Dixie. He told us how the stopping of Dixie affected him. He said he liked
the song but did not like the meaning behind it. He was one of the drum majors
in 1969 and at the Big Shootout. He was the drum major against Dixie, while the
head drum major at the time wanted it to be played.
Tollette, Sanford. "Dixie." Personal interview. 21 Dec.
2011. This interview gave us information about what it was like to be the first
black drum major around the time that Dixie was being stopped. It also gave us a
lot of information about Mr. Janzen's time as band director. Mr. Tollette
discussed some of the reactions he got for being a black band member. Because of
the fact that Mr. Tollette was a freshman at the time, he did not give us a lot
of information about the Revolution. But he did talk about his role at the Big
Shootout if the black students were to storm the field. Most of his information
was used for the Reaction and Reform pages.
"U of A Black Students Disrupt Pep Rally." Arkansas
Traveler [Fayetteville] 2 Dec. 1969, Vol. 64 ed., No. 49 sec. Print. This
gives us information on the pep rally when the black students occupied the band
seats on the stage of the Greek Amphitheater so that the band could not play.
"U of A Student Shot After Pep Rally By Unknown Sniper."
Arkansas Traveler [Fayetteville] 8 Dec. 1969, Vol. 64 ed., No. 53 sec.
Print. This newspaper article outlines the events of Dec. 5, the date on which
Darrell Brown got shot by a car full of white people yelling obscene things at
him.
"The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UDHR,
Declaration of Human Rights, Human Rights Declaration, Human Rights Charter, The
UN and Human Rights." UN News Center. UN. Web. 12 May 2012.
<http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/>. This gave us a transcript of the
Human Rights Act passed by the United Nations which the U.S. never signed
because they didn't want another document contesting the constitution.
Wink, Barbara. "Letters to the Editor: SSOC Asks Band's
Aid." Arkansas Traveler [Fayetteville] 30 Oct. 1968, Vol. 63 ed., No. 33
sec. Print. This article gives us information about when and how students were
going about asking people for Dixie to be ceased. It included a letter from the
SSOC to Dr. Worthington asking him to put the Dixie issue to a vote with the
band.
Wood, Capt. Roy G. "In The Land O' Cotton." Arkansas
Democrat [Little Rock]. Print. This was one of the reactions from the
general public towards the stopping of Dixie. This was against stopping Dixie.
Worthington, Richard. "Heroes Are Hard to Find LLC."
Interview by Mike Looney and Nancy Worthington. Heroes Are Hard to Find
LLC. Dallas, Texas. Television. Transcript. This transcript provided us with
a recent interview with Dr. Worthington. We were not able to interview him
ourselves because he lives some distance away. We did talk to him briefly over
the phone. He is the one who told us about the documentary that was being made
on the Big Shootout by Mike Looney. We contacted Mr. Looney, and he sent us the
transcript through email and gave permission to use them.
Secondary Sources
"Arkansas-Razorback-Logo." Hogdb.com. Web. 05 May
2012.
<http://www.hogdb.com/arkansas-razorback-logos/arkansas-razorback-logo-2/>.
This gave us a Razorback picture. We used it as a hyperlink to the Swing March.
Associated Student
Government. Digital
image. Student Government. University of Arkansas. Web. 6 Apr. 2012.
< http://leadership.uark.edu/government/>. This source gave us a visual
aid to represent the Student Senate, which originally voted for Dixie to be
stopped. We used this on our People Involved page.
Back Razorback. Photograph. Photobucket.
2021. Web. 6 May 2012.
<http://media.photobucket.com/image/razorback%20logo/petrinotheanswer/razorback-4.gif?o=2>.
This gave us a Razorback picture to use as a back button on every page of the
website.
Caldwell, Earl. "GUARD CALLED OUT: Curfew Is Ordered in
Memphis, but Fires and Looting Erupt Martin Luther King Is Shot to Death in
Memphis; White Suspect Is Hunted 4,000 GUARDSMEN ARE ORDERED OUT Curfew Is
Imposed on City, but Windows Are Broken and Policemen Stoned." New York
Times 5 Apr. 1968. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. This gave us
perspective on just how large the Civil Rights movement was. The Dixie movement
had just begun to take its first steps in 1968 at the U of A.
Collier, Barnard L. "300,000 at Folk-Rock Fair Camp Out
in a Sea of Mud: 300,000 at Music Fair Find Mud Plentiful and Food Scarce."
New York Times: 1. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times
(1851-2008). Web. 31 Mar. 2012. This article provides information on
Woodstock in 1969. It helps us relate the Dixie issue to other things going on
in the world. This source was used on our time line. Putting it there helped us
visualize when this event happened related to what was happening at the
university.
Frei, Terry. Horns, Hogs, and Nixon Coming: Texas vs.
Arkansas in Dixie's Last Stand. New York: Simon& Schuster, 2002. Print.
This book gave us exact dates for the stopping of Dixie and the Big Shootout. It
also told us about many of the events during Dixie.
Frei, Terry. "'The Big Shootout'" Find Articles | News
Articles, Magazine Back Issues & Reference Articles on All Topics.
Findarticles.com, 28 Nov. 1994. Web. 19 Nov. 2011.
< http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1208/is_n22_v218/ai_15906518/>.
This gave us information about the 'Big Shootout'. That was the first game
where Dixie was not played at all. President Nixon attended as well as millions
of viewers at home, so it was a huge statement that Dixie was not played.
"Georgia U. Band Drops 'Dixie' From Its Name." New
York Times: 79. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times
(1851-2008). Web. 31 Mar. 2012. This article is an example of the stopping
of Dixie on other college campuses, and it helps us realize that Dixie is still
being stopped in places today. This is only one example of other universities
stopping Dixie.
Kirk, John. "About Dixie with John Kirk." Personal
interview. 8 May 2012. This interview gave us a broader context on the Black Power
movement, Dixie, and the late 1960's and the early 1970's. It gave us a
different view on the Dixie movement, and it gave us a bit more on the national
and statewide concept of when schools stopped Dixie, if at all. Dr.
Kirk is an expert in the field of Civil Rights and has written six books on the subject and
many articles. He is the Donaghey Professor of History at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock.
Next Razorback. Photograph. Sports Logos.
Cris Creamer Properties Inc. Web. 6 May 2012.
< http://sportslogos.net/logo.php?id=7305>. This gave us a fun picture to
use as a Razorback button on the bottom of our pages.
Razorback Marching Band. "The Swing March." Mark Records,
2007. CD. This let us hear the new fight song for the university that Mr.
Janzen started. We would like to thank Dr. Thompson for getting it for us.
Ripley, Anthony. "'Dixie' and Confederate Flag Stirring
Angry Responses From Negroes in South as Integration Spreads." The New York
Times: 79. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times
(1851-2008). Web. 31 Mar. 2012. This gave us information on the outrage of
others in other areas of the South.
Sack, Kevin. "The Final Refrains of 'Dixie': Ole Miss
Sent Its Sons off to War in 1861, Then Waged a Civil Rights Battle of Its Own a
Century Later. Now, in Its 150th Year, the University Is Beginning to Shed Its
Image as the Last Bastion of the Confederacy. Refrains Of 'Dixie'" New York
Times, 20th ed. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times
(1851-2008). Web. 31 Mar. 2012. This gave us a look at the stopping of Dixie
at other universities and the challenges they faced as they discontinued playing
Dixie. We used this article to compare how they stopped Dixie and how it was
stopped at the U of A.
Thompson, T. T. Tyler. The University of Arkansas
Razorback Band: A History, 1874-2004. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas,
2004. Print. This book gave us information on the 'Big Shootout' and much-needed
dates. It also described the songs the band played/plays.
"Voice From Moon: 'Eagle Has Landed':From the Lunar
Surface, a Message to Media Control: 'The Eagle Has Landed':After Years of
Anticipation, an Astronaut Tells About His Walk on the Moon." New York
Times 21 July 1969. Print. Apollo 11 landed on the moon. This article helped
us relate Dixie to what was happening with other events in the nation.
Wilford, John Noble. "Apollo 9 Splashes Down Accurately;
Opens Way for Summer Moon Landing: Smooth, Accurate Apollo Splashdown Clears
Path for Moon Landing Next Summer Flight Held 'Perfection' In Achieving
Objective." New York Times: 1. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New
York Times (1851-2008). Web. 31 Mar. 2012. This gave us a view of 1969 on a
broader scale. It tells us about the Apollo 9 mission. This is important because
it talks about a major event related to the same time period as the stopping of
Dixie at the U of A.
Copyright Zoe Tollette and Samantha Fish 2012